lunes, 16 de noviembre de 2009

Las Triadas




Las tríadas se remontan al siglo XVII. Surgieron durante la resistencia de los súbditos de la dinastía Ming a los invasores mongoles que instauraron la dinastía manchú. Eran sociedades secretas con rigurosas normas y códigos, que se identificaban con un triángulo, símbolo de la trinidad formada por el Cielo, la Tierra y el Hombre.

No hay cifras exactas, pero se calcula que la diáspora china en el mundo supera hoy los 60 millones de personas, población inmigrante que reporta legalmente a su país de origen cerca de 20 mil millones de dólares al año. Las principales colonias se ubican en Estados Unidos, con cerca de 30 millones; Rusia, con más de 10 millones, y Alemania, con unos siete millones. En 1994, según datos del Inmigration and Naturalization Service (INS), 100 mil jóvenes graduados en las universidades de ese país estaban inmigrando anualmente a naciones de Europa y América, y sólo unos pocos retornaban a sus provincias de origen
Las tríadas se remontan al siglo XVII. Surgieron durante la resistencia de los súbditos de la dinastía Ming a los invasores mongoles que instauraron la dinastía manchú. Eran sociedades secretas con rigurosas normas y códigos, que se identificaban con un triángulo, símbolo de la trinidad formada por el Cielo, la Tierra y el Hombre, el orden cósmico de los budistas. A ninguno de los miembros de estas cofradías les era permitido llevar la coleta introducida en China por los manchúes. Todos se dejaban el cabello largo, hasta la nuca, como en los tiempos de los Ming. El tabaco, el alcohol y el opio les estaban rigurosamente prohibidos.


En 1911, el médico Sun Yat-sen, apoyado por el general Chiang Kai-shek, consiguió finalmente derrotar a la dinastía manchú, fundó el Partido Nacional Kuomintang (KMT) y formó el primer Gobierno de la naciente República. Para esa fecha ya había cerca de 35 millones de chinos que pertenecían a alguna secta secreta, incluidos muchos de los nuevos gobernantes.
Transformadas en entes parecidos a las sociedades de socorros mutuos, y ansiosas por conseguir financiamiento, las tríadas degeneraron en organizaciones criminales y se instalaron en Hong-Kong, enclave que prosperaba gracias al comercio legal de opio establecido por los británicos luego de imponer a China en el siglo XIX la entrega en concesión de ese territorio.
En 1926, Chiang Kai-shek decidió unificar China. Para ello requería destruir los sindicatos comunistas de Shanghai, y lo consiguió aliándose con una de las tríadas más poderosas: la llamada Banda Verde, que dirigía un chino llamado Tu Yueh-shen. La matanza fue feroz y las ganancias óptimas: el poder político para el general Chiang y el monopolio del opio y de la prostitución para la Banda Verde, cuyo jefe fue nombrado general, director de cinco bancos y ejecutivo de la Cámara de Comercio de la ciudad, en aquel tiempo dividida entre británicos, franceses y chinos.
En la provincia de Cantón, mientras, otro jefe del KMT, el general Kot Siu-wong, asumió la conducción de una tríada que tomó su nombre de la dirección urbana de su cuartel principal: Sap Sze Ho N° 14. Hoy se llama simplemente 14K y es una de las más poderosas del planeta.

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